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Two-dimensionalism is an approach to semantics in analytic philosophy. It is a theory of how to determine the sense and reference of a word and the truth-value of a sentence. It is intended to resolve the puzzle: How is it possible to discover empirically that a necessary truth is true? Two-dimensionalism provides an analysis of the semantics of words and sentences that makes sense of this possibility. The theory was first developed by Robert Stalnaker, but it has been advocated by numerous philosophers since, including David Chalmers. ==Two-dimensional semantic analysis== Any given sentence, for example, the words, :"Water is H2O" is taken to express two distinct propositions, often referred to as a ''primary intension'' and a ''secondary intension'', which together compose its meaning.〔for a fuller explanation see Chalmers, David. ''The Conscious Mind''. Oxford UP: 1996. Chapter 2, section 4.〕 The primary intension of a word or sentence is its sense, i.e., is the idea or method by which we find its referent. The primary intension of "water" might be a description, such as ''watery stuff''. The thing picked out by the primary intension of "water" could have been otherwise. For example, on some other world where the inhabitants take "water" to mean ''watery stuff'', but, where the chemical make-up of watery stuff is not H2O, it is not the case that water is H2O for that world. The ''secondary intension'' of "water" is whatever thing "water" happens to pick out in ''this'' world, whatever that world happens to be. So, if we assign "water" the primary intension ''watery stuff'', then the secondary intension of "water" is H2O, since H2O is ''watery stuff'' in this world. The secondary intension of "water" in our world is H2O, which is H2O in every world because unlike ''watery stuff'' it is impossible for H2O to be other than H2O. When considered according to its secondary intension, "Water is H2O" is true in every world. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Two-dimensionalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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